An overall prevalence of 81.03 % of Eimeria spp. infection with a mean OPG of 28044.22 6354.46 (Mean S.E.) was recorded in chickens in the areas under study. Higher prevalence of infection in chicken was recorded in Uttar Pradesh (83.72 %) than in Uttarakhand (73.33 %). In U.P., the prevalence of infection was highest in district Bareilly (88.0 %), while it was lowest in district Mathura (66.7 %). In Uttarakhand, the prevalence was higher in district Udham Singh Nagar (88.9 %) as compared to Dehradun (50.0 %). The prevalence in chickens reared under different poultry farming systems is shown in Table 2. It was higher in broiler farms (88.24 %) as compared to layer farms (71.43 %) and backyard poultry (70 %). Mean OPG was highest in broiler farms (40922.79 56235.14) and lowest in backyard poultry (3231.43 3616.55). Depending on the type of poultry production systems, managemental practices, age of birds and climatic conditions, variable prevalence rates of poultry coccidiosis has been reported from various parts of the world including India (Panda et al. 1997; Rana and Tikaram 1999; Jithendran 2001; Al-Natour and Suleiman 2002; Etuk et al. 2004; Ashenafi et al. 2004; Lobago et al. 2005; Khan et al. 2006; Muazu et al. 2008; Nematollahi et al. 2009; Saira Banu et al. 2009; Balasubramaniam and Dorairajan 2009). Contrary to the findings of present study, Saira Banu et al. (2009) reported a moderate prevalence rate in broiler farms (52.1 %), and higher prevalence in layer farms (61.7 %) of Tamil Nadu, India. Higher prevalence of coccidia in layer farms may be because of faulty managerial practices or high density of birds in cages.
Although studies have shown that contract farming provides employment for more than four million people in India (ibid: 2015), intensive rearing practices also pose an increased health risk to both animals and humans. In accordance, there are a large number of common viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases recorded on Indian poultry farms (Prasad and Singh, 2008). This is coupled with mounting reports of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (GARP, 2011). Veterinary practitioners and veterinary public health professionals argue that the implementation of biosecurity measures will reduce the risk of the introduction of disease and the consequent morbidity and mortality rates (Stokstad et al., 2020). Veterinary studies have further linked the adoption of biosecurity measures to a decrease in AMU and the subsequent health risk of AMR (Laanen et al., 2013).
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